Prevalence of voluntary dehydration according to urine osmolarity in elementary school students in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of voluntary dehydration based on urine osmolarity in elementary school students from two public educational institutions in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and evaluate whether there is a relationship between voluntary dehydration and nutritional status or socioeconomic status. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study with students from two public schools in the city of Osasco. The determination of urine osmolarity was performed using the freezing method of the Advanced® Osmometer Model 3W2. Urine osmolarity greater than 800 mOsm/kg H2O was considered voluntary dehydration. During data collection, the weights and heights of the students, environmental temperatures and air humidity levels were obtained. RESULTS: A total of 475 students aged six to 12 years were evaluated, of whom 188 were male. Voluntary dehydration occurred in 63.2% of the students and was more frequent in males than in females. The prevalence of voluntary dehydration was more frequent in males aged six to nine years than in females. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between males and females aged 10 to 12 years. No association was found between voluntary dehydration and nutritional status or socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of voluntary dehydration was high in elementary school students and was more frequent in males. No association was found between voluntary dehydration and nutritional or socioeconomic status.

Estresse osmótico na germinação de sementes de Petiveria alliacea L / Osmotic stress on seed germination of Petiveria alliacea L

RESUMOO trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos dos estresses hídrico e salino na germinação de sementes de Petiveria alliacea , bem como definir os limites máximos de tolerância da espécie a esses estresses. As sementes foram submetidas aos agentes osmóticos NaCl, CaCl2 e PEG nos potenciais à 0; -0,1; -0,2; -0,3; -0,4; -0,5; -0,6; -0,7; -0,8; -0,9 e -1,0 MPa sob temperatura constante de 25˚C e fotoperíodo de 12 horas, com avaliações diárias durante 30 dias. As variáveis analisadas foram porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, índice de sincronização e frequência relativa da germinação. As sementes de P. alliacea sob estresse osmótico apresentam menor porcentagem e velocidade de germinação com a redução dos potencias osmóticos, principalmente com CaCl2. Em potenciais osmóticos mais negativos que -0,4; -0,5 e -0,7 MPa, respectivamente nos agentes CaCl2, NaCl, e PEG, não ocorre germinação. O padrão de distribuição da frequência relativa aumentou a polimodalidade, o tempo médio de germinação e o índice de sincronização da germinação com a redução dos potencias osmóticos.

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to investigate the effects of water and salt stress on seed germination of Petiveria alliacea, as well as to define the limits of tolerance of the species to these stresses. The seeds were subjected to osmotic agents NaCl, CaCl2 and PEG in the potential 0; -0.1; -0.2; -0.3; -0.4; -0.5; -0.6; -0.7; -0.8; -0.9 and -1.0 MPa at a constant temperature of 25˚C and a photoperiod of 12 hours, with daily assessments for 30 days. The variables studied were germination percentage, germination velocity index, middle fear germination, synchronization index and relative frequency of germination. The seeds of P. alliacea under osmotic stress had lower percentage and speed of germination with the reduction of the the osmotic potential, especially with CaCl2. At more negative osmotic potentials than -0.4; -0.5 and -0.7 MPa, respectively in the CaCl2, NaCl, and PEG agents, the germination does not occur. The distribution pattern of the relative frequency increased the several modalities, , the average time of germination and the germination index of synchronization with the reduction of osmotic potential.

Dehydration, hemodynamics and fluid volume optimization after induction of general anesthesia

OBJECTIVES: Fluid volume optimization guided by stroke volume measurements reduces complications of colorectal and high-risk surgeries. We studied whether dehydration or a strong hemodynamic response to general anesthesia increases the probability of fluid responsiveness before surgery begins. METHODS: Cardiac output, stroke volume, central venous pressure and arterial pressures were measured in 111 patients before general anesthesia (baseline), after induction and stepwise after three bolus infusions of 3 ml/kg of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (n = 86) or Ringer's lactate (n = 25). A subgroup of 30 patients who received starch were preloaded with 500 ml of Ringer's lactate. Blood volume changes were estimated from the hemoglobin concentration and dehydration was estimated from evidence of renal water conservation in urine samples. RESULTS: Induction of anesthesia decreased the stroke volume to 62% of baseline (mean); administration of fluids restored this value to 84% (starch) and 68% (Ringer's). The optimized stroke volume index was clustered around 35-40 ml/m2/beat. Additional fluid boluses increased the stroke volume by ≥10% (a sign of fluid responsiveness) in patients with dehydration, as suggested by a low cardiac index and central venous pressure at baseline and by high urinary osmolality, creatinine concentration and ...

Time motion analysis of football (soccer) referees during official matches in relation to the type of fluid consumed

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of volume and composition of fluid replacement on the physical performance of male football referees. Ten referees were evaluated during three official matches. In one match the participants were asked to consume mineral water ad libitum, and in the others they consumed a pre-determined volume of mineral water or a carbohydrate electrolyte solution (6.4 percent carbohydrate and 22 mM Na+) equivalent to 1 percent of their baseline body mass (half before the match and half during the interval). Total water loss, sweat rate and match physiological performance were measured. When rehydrated ad libitum (pre-match and at half time) participants lost 1.97 ± 0.18 percent of their pre-match body mass (2.14 ± 0.19 L). This parameter was significantly reduced when they consumed a pre-determined volume of fluid. Sweat rate was significantly reduced when the referees ingested a pre-determined volume of a carbohydrate electrolyte solution, 0.72 ± 0.12 vs 1.16 ± 0.11 L/h ad libitum. The high percentage (74.1 percent) of movements at low speed (walking, jogging) observed when they ingested fluid ad libitum was significantly reduced to 71 percent with mineral water and to 69.9 percent with carbohydrate solution. An increase in percent movement expended in backward running was observed when they consumed a pre-determined volume of carbohydrate solution, 7.7 ± 0.5 vs 5.5 ± 0.5 percent ad libitum. The improved hydration status achieved with the carbohydrate electrolyte solution reduced the length of time spent in activities at low-speed movements and increased the time spent in activities demanding high-energy expenditure.

Desenvolvimento de formulações cosméticas hidratantes e avaliação da eficácia por métodos biofísicos / Development of cosmetic moisturizer formulations and evaluation of hydrating eficcacy by biophysical methods

Introdução: A comprovação da eficiência de formulações hidratantes deve ser criteriosa e analisada por com métodos adequados. Objetivo: O objetivo principal do trabalho foi avaliar in vivo a eficácia hidratante de formulações contendo diferentes componentes ativos por capacitância elétrica e perda de água transepidérmica. Compararam-se os desempenhos entre Corneometer® e Moisturemeter® e entre o Vapometer® e Tewlmeter®. Verificou-se o comportamento in vitro das alterações causadas pelas substâncias hidratantes, em modelo de estrato córneo alternativo. Material e Métodos: Os compostos ativos selecionados (4% p/p) para incorporação nos géis a base de carbômero foram: uréia, extrato vegetal de Imperata cylindrica; complexo contendo fatores de hidratação natural; e os derivados do açúcar, sacarídeo isomerato e a mistura de xilitilglicosídeo e anidroxilitilglicosídeo. A avaliação in vivo da eficácia hidratante, teve o delineamento experimental baseado no projeto fatorial ANOVA three way. Os tempos estudados foram: após a aplicação e 30,60, 120; 240 e 360 minutos. O estudo de estabilidade acelerada das formulações envolveu condições drásticas de armazenamento (temperatura, umidade e luminosidade) durante 90 dias. Na avaliação in vitro do comportamento das substâncias hidratantes utilizou-se a espectroscopia Raman com transformada de Fourier (FT-Raman) e Calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC)...

Hypernatraemic dehydration in exclusively breastfed infants: a potentially fatal complication / Deshidratación hipernatrémica en bebés amamantados exclusivamente al pecho: una complicación potencialmente fatal

There have been several reports in the literature about hypernatraemic dehydration and severe malnutrition in exclusively breastfed infants. The authors report a series of four such cases admitted to the Newborn Special Care Unit of the University Hospital of the West Indies over a seven-year period. All four were term infants who had weight loss of greater than 20of their birthweight, serum sodium levels greater than 175 mmol/L, metabolic acidosis and pre-renal failure at presentation. Three of the infants had seizures shortly after presentation. One of the infants died soon after admission to hospital, the three others had normal neurological development clinically at the time of last review.

Ha habido varios reportes en la literatura sobre deshidratación hipernatrémica y malnutrición severa en bebés amamantados exclusivamente al pecho. Los autores reportan una serie de cuatro de estos casos, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Especiales para Recién Nacidos del Hospital Universitario de West Indies, a lo largo de un período de siete años. En los cuatro casos se trataba de infantes a término que habían perdido más del 20% de su peso al nacer, tenían niveles de sodio en suero superiores a 175 mmol/l, acidosis metabólica, y presentaban fallo pre-renal al ser atendidos. Tres de los bebés presentaron convulsiones poco después de ser vistos por el médico. Uno de los bebés murió poco después del ingreso al hospital, en tanto que los otros tres presentaban un desarrollo neurológico normal al momento del último examen.

Efficacy of oral rehydration therapy in dehydrating diarrhoea of children.

Establishment of diarrhoea treatment and training units (DTTUs) in all major health facilities for promotion of appropriate oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is an important strategy for control of diarrhoeal diseases (CDD) in children in this country. Univariate analysis of mortality experiences of a random sample of 225 diarrhoea cases among children treated at DTTU in the department of paediatric medicine, RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata revealed that case fatality rate (CFR) of diarrhoea was much higher among children treated with parenteral fluid therapy with or without drugs (20.6% and 20.9% respectively), compared to those treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS) only (0.75%). Certain child care practices, like immunisation, breastfeeding and use of ORS at home also favourably influenced survival of children suffering from diarrhoea. The CFR of diarrhoea cases did not depend on type of diarrhoea or nutritional status of the child. Thus, promotion of correct practice of ORT merits attention through all possible means.

Influence of the state of dehydration and rehydration on the in-situ intestinal absorption of carotene in rats

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of an experimental model of diarrhea as well as the rehydration process on the in situ intestinal absorption of carotene in rats. Reproducible models of mild and severe infectious diarrhea were produced by peroral challenges with Salmonella typhimurium in adult male rats. The in situ intestinal absorption of carotene was evaluated along 90 minutes in cases of diarrhea in the presence and absence of oral rehydration solution as well as after rehydration. The utilized concentration of carotene was 0.83 mg%. Absorption was evaluated by determining the circulating fractions of carotene as well as the rate constants of absorption from the lumen to the intestinal membrane [K1] and from the intestinal membrane to the central compartment [K2]

Influence of the states of dehydration and rehydration on the in-situ intestinal absorption of calacctose and clucose in rats

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of an experimental model of diarrhea as well as the dehydration and rehydration rats. Reproducible model of mild and severe infectious diarrhea was produced by peroral challenges with Salmonella typhimurium in adult male rats. The in situ intestinal absorption of galactose and glucose was evaluated along 90 minutes in case of diarrhea in the presence and absence of oral rehydration solution as well as after rehydration. The utilized concentration of galactose was 325 mg%. Absorption was evaluated by determining the circulating fractions of galactose and glucose as well as the rate constants of absorption [K1 and K2]. A statistically significant reduction in the circulating amounts of sugar was occurred in the infected animals

Influence of the states of dehydration and rehydration on the in-situ intestinal absorption of histidine

In this study, experimental models for mild and severe infectious diarrhea were produced by peroral challenge with Salmonella typhimurium. The in situ intestinal absorption of histidine was evaluated along 90 minutes in the cases of diarrhea in presence of saline or oral rehydration solution [ORS] as the perfusion fluid and rehydration solution ORS following exposure to diarrhea. The concentration of histidine was 18.1 mg%. Significant differences in absorption and exsorption of histidine have been obtained according to the animal condition and the perfusion fluid. Diarrhea disturbed the amino acid pool. The presence of ORS augmented the transport of histidine in the diseased animals

Efecto de la deshidratación sobre la aldosterona durante una actividad física intensa y de larga duración

Objetivo: Establecer los efectos de la deshidratación sobre la concentración plasmática de aldosterona y sus efectos renales durante una actividad física intensa y de larga duración, en nueve corredores de fondo. Material y métodos: Después de diez minutos de calentamiento, en banda rodante con una pendiente de 1 por ciento y 55 por ciento de la capacidad física de trabajo máxima (PWCmax), siguieron 90 minutos de carrera, al 80 por ciento; fianlente, 90 minutos de recuperación. No se hizo reposición hídrica durante DH (deshidratado); durante RH (rehidratado) se repuso 51 por ciento del peso corporal perdido en DH. Resultados: en DH hubo pérdida de peso corporal y reducción porcentual del volumen plasmático (porcentaje VP). Se observó hiperosmolaridad, hipernatremia, hipercaliemia e hiperaldosteronemia. El índice orina/plasma del sodio disminuyó al final del ejercicio y el del potasio aumentó al final de la recuperación. El índice urinario sodio/potasio disminuyó durante el procedimiento. En RH la pérdida de peso corporal fue menor, pero la reducción porcentaje VP fue similar; con la reposición parcial de las pérdidas hídricas se evitaron la hipersomolaridad y la hipernatremia, pero no la hipercaliemia durante el ejercicio, ni la hiperaldosteronemia durante todo el procedimiento. Los índices orina/plasma para el sodio y el potasio no variaron significativamente. El índice urinario sodio/plasma mostró un comportamiento similar al observado en DH. Conclusiones: La concentración plasmática de aldosterona incrementó proporcionalmente a la duración del ejercicio e independientemente del grado de hidratación; se presentó una respuesta reanl disgregada: inicialmente, un incremento en la reabsorción de sodio y posteriormente, un incremento en la secreción del potasio, en respuesta, posiblemente, a la carga ácida impuesta por acidosis metabólica.

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, mode of presentation, pathogenesis and growth.

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNIDDM) is a rare form of IDDM with unclear etiology and pathogenesis. We determined the incidence and prevalence rates and studied the clinical and biochemical features of PNIDDM in the Sultanate of Oman. The mean incidence rate during the study period from January 1989 to December 1994 was 1.788 +/- 0.82 per 100,000 live births per year. At the end of December 1994 the prevalence rate was 2.4 per 100,000 children below the age of 5 years. They constituted 41.6% of all cases of IDDM in this age group. Diarrhoea, fever, lethargy, poor feeding and failure to thrive were the most common presenting symptoms. Dehydration and tachypnoea were the most common signs. All patients who developed IDDM during the neonatal period had intrauterine growth retardation and 4.5 presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (plasma glucose 37 +/- 9 mmol/L, pH 7.12 +/- 0.1). Hypertriglyceridemia was a constant feature (19.4 +/- 4.8 mmol/L). They were products of consanguineous marriage with significantly high prevalence of IDDM and NIDDM in their family members. None of the infants had clinical or immunological evidence of congenital viral infection. Three of the five children had HLA-DR2, the diabetes resistance alleles. C-peptide secretion was absent during and after metabolic control of hyperglycemia in all the studied infants and none had circulating islet cell antibody at presentation or during the first year after diagnosis. Despite marked growth retardation at birth, there was a significant improvement of growth after initiating insulin therapy. Four of the 5 patients had normal developmental milestones, one had mild developmental delay following a severe and prolonged attack of hypoglycemia. None of the patients had exocrine pancreatic deficiency. In summary, the very high rate of parental consanguinity, occurrence in both sexes and in two siblings in the same family, absence of islet cell antibodies and the presence of HLA-DR2 loci in 3/5 of patients suggest that PNIDDM is a different disease process to standard IDDM in childhood and an autosomal recessive mode of transmission.

Diarréia aguda e distúrbios hidro-eletrolíticos / Acute diarrhea and water-electrolyte imbalance

É apresentada uma revisäo sobre os aspectos etiopatogênicos e terapêuticos ligados à diarréia aguda e suas complicaçöes

Childhood vesicolithiasis in Hazara division of N.W.F.P. Pakistan

100 children up-to 5 years of age, from various hospitals of Hazara Division with vesicolithiasis were included in this study. This study was carried out from January 1990 to December 1992. A similar number of age and sex matched normal children as control group were also studied. The highest incidence was between 1-3 years of age [44%]. Almost all cases were reported in males. Most of the cases belonged to low socio-economic class. Dehydration seemed to be an important etiological factor. Voiding difficulties, frequency of micturition and acute retention were the commonest presenting symptoms

Manual de normas y procedimientos de lucha contra el colera

El Colegio Medico Departamental de La Paz, apoyando a la Secretaria Nacional de Salud en sus esfuerzos para controlar el ultimo brote epidemico del colera en el pais transcribe las normas clinica de manejo de esta patologia

Patología ginecoobstétrica y vuelo / Gynecologic-obstetric pathology and flight

The changes in fisiologic parameters during flight are discussed in regard to the mother and fetus. The risk and indications for Aeromedical Evacuation are analysed

El hiato aniónico plasmático (HA) en el niño hospitalizado por síndrome diarreico agudo (SDA) y deshidratación (DH) / The plasmatic anion gap in hospitalized children due to acute diarrhea syndrome and dehydration

En el síndrome diarreico agudo, ciertos elementos clínicos o de laboratorio suelen ser claves para sugerir la existencia de procesos concomitantes o complicaciones, a veces más importantes para el manejo del enfermo que la aparente condición principal. Puesto que en el hospitalizado por diarrea habitualmente hay deshidratación, hipoperfusión renal, cierto grado de cetosis de ayuno y acidosis metabólica, se propone definir los márgenes de hiato aniónico en este grupo para detectar quienes deber ser sometidos a mayor investigación, planteando que se encontrarán cifras más elevadas en aquellos más deshidratados. Ingresaron al estudio 105 niños de 1 a 15 meses de edad, internados consecutivamente por SDA, 64 con DH leve y 41 moderada. Fueron tratados según normas vigentes y se determinó al ingreso HA sin y con consideración de la calemia (HAK). Se agregaron 9 enfermos no contemporáneos, con DH intensa y signos de shock hipovolémico para obtener una orientación de los valores en este tipo de pacientes. Eran menores de 6 y 12 meses, el 58,1% y 91,5% respectivamente. El 74,3% eran eutróficos o DI y el 51,4% de sexo femenino. En todos, déficit de base de grado variable. El HA fue mayor en los más deshidratados (mEq/1) (x ñ DE): 16,44 ñ5,53 vs 14,35 ñ 5,04 (p menor que 0,05, "t" de student, unilateral). Además la ganancia de peso al hidratarse correlacionó con HA: "r" = 0,267 (p menor que 0,05). Como referencia, en aquellos con shock se encontró: 20,58 ñ 5,95. Para HAK la situación fue similar. Se concluye que la presencia de HA (HAK) superior a (mEq/1): 24,4 (28,4) en pacientes con DH leve, a 27,5 (31,2) ante DH moderada y probablemente mayor que 32,5 (36,7) si existe DH intensa y shock hipovolémico, debe hacer sospechar la existencia de otras entidades que justifiquen el hallazgo

Effect of dehydration on the increase of arterial pressure and renal electrolyte excretion produced by central cholinergic stimulation in rats

Natriuresis, kaliuresis, diuresis, arterial pressure and heart rate were studied in rats following dehydration and cholinergic stimulation of the medial septal area (MSA). The increase in renal NA+ and K+ excretion produced by the injection of carbachol (2nmol) into the MSA in normal hydrated rats was abolished in 48-h water-deprived rats. Urinary volume was also reduced. Cholinergic stimulation of the MSA produced a smaller mincrease in arterial pressure in 48-h-deprived rats compared to normal hydrated animals. No change was observed in heart rate. These reults show that hydration state is essential for the central cholinergic control of electrolyte excretion and increase in arterial pressure